Design
O-Ring Design & Engineering Guide
How O-Rings seal, the profiles and glands they seal in, groove and back-up ring design, real applications, and how to design out failure.
O-Ring Sealing Principles: How an O-Ring Seals
How an O-Ring seals: initial squeeze, pressure energization, and elastic recovery, and why too little or too much of each causes a leak.
Shore A Hardness (Durometer) for O-Rings
O-Ring Shore A durometer explained: what 70 and 90 duro mean, feel references, extrusion gap limits, and how to pick hardness for pressure and surface finish.
